Science is the study of the natural world, including the laws of nature associated with physics, chemistry, and biology and the treatment or application of facts, principles, concepts, or conventions associated with these disciplines. Science is both a body of knowledge that has been accumulated over time and a process—scientific inquiry—that generates new knowledge. Knowledge from science informs the engineering design process.
Technology, while not a
discipline in the strictest sense, comprises the entire system of people and
organizations, knowledge, processes, and devices that go into creating and
operating technological artifacts, as well as the artifacts themselves.
Throughout history, humans have created technology to satisfy their wants and
needs. Much of modern technology is a product of science and engineering, and
technological tools are used in both fields.
Engineering is both a body
of knowledge—about the design and creation of human-made products—and a process
for solving problems. This process is design under constraint. One constraint
in engineering design is the laws of nature, or science. Other constraints
include time, money, available materials, ergonomics, environmental
regulations, manufacturability, and reparability. Engineering utilies concepts
in science and mathematics as well as technological tools.
Mathematics is the study of
patterns and relationships among quantities, numbers, and space. Unlike in
science, where empirical evidence is sought to warrant or overthrow claims,
claims in mathematics are warranted through logical arguments based on
foundational assumptions. The logical arguments themselves are part of
mathematics along with the claims. As in science, knowledge in mathematics
continues to grow, but unlike in science, knowledge in mathematics is not
overturned, unless the foundational assumptions are transformed. Specific
conceptual categories of K–12 mathematics include numbers and arithmetic,
algebra, functions, geometry, and statistics and probability. Mathematics is
used in science, engineering, and technology.
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